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Based on the sutras, the Vinaya and later commentaries
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Places

75 entries

Showing all 75 entries

The Sakyans and the Kapilavatthu area8

Countries and regions

The Sakyan country

Sakka

Present-day Kapilvastu District, Nepal, and the Siddharthnagar area of Uttar Pradesh, India

Ancient state or region

The Koliyan country

Koliya

The Rupandehi area, Nepal (Devadaha)

Ancient state or region

Cities

Kapilavatthu

Kapilavatthu

Tilaurakot in Nepal or Piprahwa in India (two views)

Candidate locations

Villages

Devadaha

Devadaha

Present-day Rupandehi, Nepal (conjectural)

Approximate reference

Medaḷumpa

Medaḷumpa

Not yet located

Monasteries and parks

The Banyan Park

Nigrodhārāma

Outside Kapilavatthu (location depends on the dispute over Kapilavatthu)

Candidate locations

The Great Wood (Kapilavatthu)

Mahāvana(Kapilavatthu)

Not yet located

Lumbinī Park

Lumbinī

Present-day Rummindei, Nepal (with the inscribed Asokan pillar)

Archaeological site reference

Magadha (the Rājagaha area)20

Countries and regions

Magadha

Magadha

Southern Bihar

Ancient state or region

Cities

Rājagaha

Rājagaha

Present-day Rajgir, Bihar

Approximate reference

Pāṭaliputta

Pāṭaligāma / Pāṭaliputta

Present-day Patna, Bihar

Approximate reference

Nālandā

Nāḷandā

Bargaon (Nalanda), Bihar

Approximate reference

Gayā

Gayā

Present-day Gaya, Bihar

Approximate reference

Villages

Uruvelā

Uruvelā

The Bodh Gaya area, Bihar

Approximate reference

Senānigama

Senānigama

Bakraur near Bodh Gaya (conjectural)

Approximate reference

Shetuojiapintuo

Andhakavinda

Unknown (Magadha)

Not yet located

Ekanāḷā

Ekanāḷā

Not yet located

Ambalaṭṭhikā (the royal rest-house)

Ambalaṭṭhikā

Unknown (between Rājagaha and Nālandā)

Not yet located

Monasteries and parks

The Bamboo Grove monastery

Veḷuvana Kalandakanivāpa

The Bamboo Grove at Rajgir

Approximate reference

The Laṭṭhivana grove

Laṭṭhivana

Jethian, south-west of Rajgir (conjectural)

Not yet located

The Cool Grove

Sītavana

Not yet located

Pāvārika's mango grove

Pāvārikambavana

Not yet located

Mountains and caves

Mount Gijjhakūṭa (Vulture Peak)

Gijjhakūṭa

Present-day Chhatha Hill, Rajgir (conjectural)

Approximate reference

Gayāsīsa (Elephant Head Hill)

Gayāsīsa

Brahmayoni Hill near Gaya (conjectural)

Approximate reference

Rivers

The Nerañjarā river

Nerañjarā

Present-day Phalgu river (Lilajan)

Not yet located

Other

Beneath the Bodhi tree (the Diamond Seat)

Bodhimaṇḍa(Uruvelā)

The Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya

Archaeological site reference

The Ajapāla banyan tree

Ajapāla-nigrodha

Near Bodh Gaya

Approximate reference

The Bahuputta shrine

Bahuputta cetiya

Unknown (between Rājagaha and Nālandā)

Not yet located

Kosala (the Sāvatthī area)11

Countries and regions

Kosala

Kosala

Eastern Uttar Pradesh (the Awadh area)

Ancient state or region

Cities

Sāvatthī

Sāvatthī

Saheth-Maheth, Uttar Pradesh

Approximate reference

Verañjā

Verañjā

Unknown (the Atranjikhera view)

Not yet located

Āḷavī

Āḷavī

Unknown (Uttar Pradesh, between Sāvatthī and Rājagaha)

Not yet located

The town of Atuopi

Not yet located

Villages

Kesaputta (of the Kālāmas)

Kesaputta

Not yet located

Monasteries and parks

Jeta's Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika's Park

Jetavana Anāthapiṇḍikārāma

Saheth

Approximate reference

The Eastern Park, Migāramātā's Mansion

Pubbārāma Migāramātupāsāda

East of Sāvatthī (site undetermined)

Not yet located

The Dark Wood (Andhavana)

Andhavana

South of Sāvatthī (site undetermined)

Not yet located

Other

The Aggāḷava shrine

Aggāḷava cetiya

Not yet located

The abode of the yakkha Āḷavaka

āḷavakassa yakkhassa bhavane

Not yet located

The Vajjians and Vesālī11

Countries and regions

The Vajjian country

Vajjī

Northern Bihar (north of the Ganges)

Ancient state or region

Cities

Vesālī

Vesālī

Basarh (Vaishali), Bihar

Approximate reference

Bhoganagara

Bhoganagara

Not yet located

Villages

Beluva village

Veḷuvagāmaka

Unknown (near Vesālī)

Not yet located

Koṭigāma

Koṭigāma

Unknown (north bank of the Ganges)

Not yet located

Nādikā

Ñātika / Nātika / Nādika

Not yet located

Ukkacelā

Ukkacelā

Unknown (north bank of the Ganges; the Hajipur view)

Not yet located

Bhaṇḍagāma

Bhaṇḍagāma

Not yet located

Monasteries and parks

The Hall with the Peaked Roof in the Great Wood

Mahāvana Kūṭāgārasālā

Kolhua, Vaishali

Approximate reference

Ambapālī's mango grove

Ambapālivana

Not yet located

Other

The Cāpāla shrine

Cāpāla cetiya

Not yet located

Vaṃsa (Kosambī)2

Cities

Kosambī

Kosambī

Kosam, Uttar Pradesh (south-west of Prayagraj)

Approximate reference

Monasteries and parks

Ghosita's Park

Ghositārāma

The Kosam site

Approximate reference

The Mallas (Kusinārā and Pāvā)6

Countries and regions

The Malla country

Malla

North-eastern Uttar Pradesh (the Gorakhpur area)

Ancient state or region

Cities

Kusinārā

Kusinārā

Kasia (Kushinagar), Uttar Pradesh

Approximate reference

Pāvā

Pāvā

Fazilnagar or Padrauna, Uttar Pradesh (two views)

Candidate locations

Villages

Anupiya

Anupiyā

Not yet located

Monasteries and parks

The sāla grove of the Mallas

Upavattana Sālavana

The Nirvana Temple, Kushinagar

Approximate reference

Rivers

The Kakutthā river

Kakutthā

Unknown (the present-day Ghāgī or Barhi river, conjectural)

Not yet located

Kāsi (Bārāṇasī)3

Countries and regions

Kāsi

Kāsi

The Varanasi area

Ancient state or region

Cities

Bārāṇasī

Bārāṇasī

Present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Approximate reference

Monasteries and parks

Isipatana, the Deer Park

Isipatana Migadāya

Sarnath, Varanasi

Archaeological site reference

Other regions and uncertain14

Countries and regions

The Bhagga country

Bhagga

The Mirzapur area, Uttar Pradesh (the Chunar view)

Ancient state or region

Ceti

Ceti

The Bundelkhand area

Ancient state or region

Aṅguttarāpa

Aṅguttarāpa

North of the Ganges, north of Aṅga

Ancient state or region

Cities

Saṅkassa

Saṅkassa

Present-day Sankisa, Uttar Pradesh

Approximate reference

Campā

Campā

Champanagar near Bhagalpur, Bihar

Approximate reference

Bhaddiya

Bhaddiya

Not yet located

Villages

Āpaṇa

Āpaṇa

Not yet located

Jambugāma

Not yet located

Qucha village

Not yet located

Monasteries and parks

The Deer Park in the Bhesakaḷā Grove

Bhesakaḷāvana Migadāya

Not yet located

Mountains and caves

Mount Cāliya

Cāliya pabbata

Not yet located

Crocodile Hill

Suṃsumāragira

Chunar (conjectural)

Not yet located

Mount Makula

Makula pabbata

Not yet located

Other

The Heaven of the Thirty-three

Tāvatiṃsa

Heavenly realm

Non-geographical setting

Source text

日期怎麼讀

成道第幾年
從佛陀成道開始,每經過一次雨季安居算一年,每一年算到安居結束為止;所有年歲一律依二十九歲出家、三十五歲成道推算。
年份依據
區分經文自己明記、後世註解書記載、先後順序推定及年歲換算。
時間精確度
分別說明確定到日、月、年,或只能放入某幾年之間。
可信度
多派共傳、兩派記載、單派記載與後世補述,表達記載的共傳範圍;與時間及位置是否確定分開閱讀。